黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程观察

为明确黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在甘蓝型油菜叶片和茎中的侵染及扩展过程，利用绿色荧光蛋 白（GFP）标记的黑胫病菌株接菌油菜叶片，利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察菌株在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程。结果 表明，接种油菜叶片7 h后，分生孢子萌发并长出芽管；17 h后，芽管侵入气孔；24 h后，分生孢子全部萌发；36 h后萌 发的芽管形成菌丝；120 h后，菌丝在叶片表皮细胞间隙蔓延，并侵入叶肉细胞。13 d后，菌丝侵入茎部皮层组织； 15 d后，菌丝在皮层细胞间隙蔓延，并侵染至茎表皮；21 d后，菌丝侵染至维管组织；23 d后，菌丝侵染至茎韧皮部； 25 d后，茎导管被侵染，并向木质部扩展。本研究发现的L. biglobosa 在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程，可为油菜与黑 胫病菌互作的研究、黑胫病致病机理及防治提供参考。     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

文本挖掘下的话语认知与构建——以人工智能和5G领域白宫新闻文本为例

[目的/意义]政府新闻文本是政策文本的表达形式之一。对政府新闻文本进行挖掘分析,能直观的展现表面动态,揭示对话事件的立场及其背后关系,能对情报分析工作、中国新型智库的发展建设,提供有效的助力。[方法/过程]文章利用TextRank算法进行核心句提取,并结合批评话语分析理论框架来做评估,以语料驱动从关键句、关键词两个宏观角度讨论政府决策态度,以词性从话语策略的微观角度总结美国官方对人工智能和5G领域的话语认知形象。[结果/结论]通过分析可以看出,美国政府对于人工智能和5G领域的态度将持续保持在“政府引领下的美国需优先”这一局面,面对发展中国家的科技竞争,增加政府政策性文本的指导无疑是最好的对策建议。     

Evidence of cormorant‐induced mortality,disparate migration strategies and repeatable circadian rhythm in the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus): A telemetry study mapping the postspawning migration

Life history theory predicts a trade‐off between migration and residency where migration is favoured when it infers elevated fitness. Although migration to more favourable environments may offer higher growth rates, migrants often experience increased mortality due to predation. Here, we investigated mortality and migration behaviour of the North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus), an anadromous salmonid endemic to the Wadden Sea. We used acoustic telemetry to map the migration of the only remaining indigenous population by applying stationary hydrophones combined with manual tracking. Data suggested a total mortality of 26%, with 30% of the total mortality attributed to predation by great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), highlighting that North Sea houting conservation could be jeopardised by increased cormorant predation. Risk of cormorant predation was size‐dependent, with smaller fish suffering higher risk of predation. The study found North Sea houting to exhibit disparate migration strategies and identified a lentic area in the estuary as an important habitat. Two newly established artificial lakes within the river system significantly reduced the migration speeds, possibly indicating constrained navigation through the lakes. The migration into the Wadden Sea correlated with temperature perhaps indicating osmoregulatory constraints of sea entry. Unlike many salmonid species, migration occurred both day and night. Moreover, fish exhibited repeatable individual differences in diel activity patterns, suggesting that individuals differ consistently in their migratory activity throughout the 24‐hr period. Our study provides novel information on salmonid migration, which is crucial for the development of science‐based conservation strategies.     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

新疆部分地区苹果、核桃和杨树腐烂病的病原鉴定

 树木腐烂病在新疆主林果种植区均有不同程度的发生,近年呈加重趋势。本研究在调查了新疆阿克苏、和田、伊犁、喀什和库尔勒等地区苹果树、核桃树和杨树3种林果腐烂病田间发病情况的基础上,重点对14个样本点的样品进行病原物的分离与鉴定。结果表明,各样本点3种林果均有不同程度的腐烂病发生,分离鉴定结果为引起苹果树腐烂病病原菌主要为Valsa mali var. mali(分离频率为64.5%),其次是V. mali var. pyri(25.8%)、V. malicola(3.2%)和V. nivea(6.5%);引起核桃树和杨树腐烂病病原菌为V. sordida(分离频率为83.3%和96%)和V. nivea(分离频率为16.7%和4%)。离体枝条及苹果果实上的致病性测定结果表明,3种林果上分离得到的病原菌均能感染原寄主。引起新疆部分地区苹果树腐烂病的主要病原菌是Valsa mali var. mali,核桃树和杨树腐烂病的主要病原菌是V. sordida。同时,基于实际生产中存在感病枯死杨树枝干作为苹果园、核桃园树体支撑木的现象,推测3种林果腐烂病菌间可能存在交叉感染的潜在风险。     

稻曲病菌致病机制研究进展

 稻曲病是一种水稻穗部病害,在世界各水稻主产区均有发生,已成为世界性病害,在我国也属于水稻主要病害之一。稻曲病的发生严重影响水稻产量和稻米品质。研究其病原菌致病机制,对找寻防治药物的特异性靶标具有重要作用,可为抗病分子育种提供新的思路,为稻曲病菌防治药剂研发提供新的靶标。本文综述了稻曲病菌侵染过程、致病相关基因功能研究、水稻响应稻曲病菌侵染等方面的研究进展,提出进一步研究的策略。现有研究表明,稻曲病菌能成功侵染水稻孕穗期雄蕊的花丝引起发病。病原菌可通过抑制多个水稻免疫途径实现成功侵染;还可模仿胚珠受精激活水稻灌浆、糖代谢等途径为稻曲球的形成提供营养物质;全基因组测序完成和基因编辑技术在基因敲除中的成功应用,为稻曲病菌功能基因研究提供了很好的基础。稻曲病菌独特的侵染过程和营养利用机制是未来研究的重要方向。     

野生樱桃资源在甜樱桃人工授粉中的应用探讨

以3种野生樱桃资源为供试材料,比较了花粉烘制方式和贮藏温度对供试材料花粉萌芽率的影响,评价了供试材料花粉对甜樱桃品种座果率的影响。结果表明：常温干燥皿烘制花粉萌发率显著高于培养箱烘制；水+10mg/L硼酸+20%蔗糖为测定供试材料花粉活力的适宜培养基；毛樱桃、中国樱桃、‘黄蜜’花粉在4℃冷藏30天的萌发率均高于40%；毛樱桃、中国樱桃和山樱桃花粉与3个甜樱桃品种的异花授粉平均坐果率可达到40%。作者认为,供试野生樱桃资源的花粉萌发和贮藏特性,以及与甜樱桃品种的异花授粉亲和性与供试甜樱桃品种花粉类似,在甜樱桃人工授粉中具有较大的应用价值。